Facing a dispute with your landlord—whether it's over rent increases, repairs, or potential eviction—can feel overwhelming. In Ontario, the Landlord and Tenant Board (LTB) offers two main options to resolve tenancy disputes: mediation and adjudication. Knowing how each process works empowers you to choose the best path forward under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006.^[1]

Understanding the LTB: Ontario's Rental Tribunal

The Landlord and Tenant Board (LTB) handles disputes between tenants and landlords in Ontario. It provides processes designed to be accessible and fair for both sides, even without legal representation.

Mediation and Adjudication Defined

When you have a tenancy problem, such as a disagreement about unpaid rent, repairs, or a notice to vacate, your case may go through either mediation or adjudication at the LTB. Here’s what each process involves:

What Is Mediation?

Mediation is a voluntary process where you and your landlord meet with an LTB mediator to try to reach a mutually agreeable solution. It's informal, confidential, and focuses on collaborative problem-solving.

• You control the outcome—nothing is decided unless both sides agree.
• It's faster and less formal than a traditional LTB hearing.
• Agreements can be written and enforced by the LTB if needed.

Common issues resolved by mediation include repayment plans for overdue rent, arrangements for repairs, or decisions about moving-out dates. How to Handle Complaints in Your Rental: A Tenant’s Guide provides more information on resolving disputes early.

What Is Adjudication?

Adjudication is a formal process where an LTB Member (similar to a judge) listens to both sides and makes a binding decision. This process is often used when mediation fails or parties prefer a formal resolution.

• The LTB Member applies Ontario rental law to decide the outcome.
• You have less control over the result—it is legally binding.
• The outcome is based on evidence, arguments, and legislation.

Adjudication typically occurs in more complex cases, or if previous attempts to settle the issue (such as through mediation) were unsuccessful.

Mediation vs Adjudication: How to Choose?

The best choice depends on your situation and goals. Here’s a summary to help you decide:

• Mediation: Ideal if you want a quick, cost-effective, and collaborative outcome where you and your landlord can talk things through.
• Adjudication: Necessary if you need a legal ruling, the relationship has broken down, or you require an official decision to enforce your rights.

Consider mediation first, especially for less severe issues or if both parties are open to compromise. If not, adjudication assures a final, enforceable result.

Key LTB Forms for Tenants

You may need to use one or more official LTB forms to start or respond to a dispute process. Here are some of the most common forms used by Ontario tenants at the LTB:

• Form T2: Application About Tenant Rights (download from the LTB)
  Use this form to ask the LTB to address issues such as maintenance, harassment, or illegal landlord actions.
  For example, if your landlord refuses to do essential repairs, you can file a T2 application with supporting evidence.
• Form T6: Tenant Application About Maintenance (download from the LTB)
  Use when trying to get the LTB to order your landlord to complete necessary repairs or compensate you for losses due to poor maintenance.
  For instance, if your unit has pests or mould and the landlord won't fix it, submit a T6 with proof.
• Form N12 or N4 (Notices to End Tenancy) (all LTB forms)
  Tenants may receive these forms from landlords if there's an allegation of non-payment or for landlord's own use. It's important to respond on time.

All forms should be submitted according to instructions on the official LTB forms page. If you disagree with a notice, you can attend the scheduled hearing and request mediation or adjudication.

Action Steps: Starting Dispute Resolution at the LTB

Here are the general steps for tenants facing a dispute:

• Receive a notice or recognize a problem (e.g., repair issue, notice to end tenancy).
• File the correct LTB form (such as T2 or T6) if initiating a complaint, or prepare your response if a hearing is scheduled.
• Attend your LTB hearing (usually virtual or in-person)—you’ll often be offered the option to try mediation before adjudication begins.
• If both parties agree in mediation, sign a settlement. If not, proceed to a formal hearing for adjudication.

Resources for Learning About Your Rights

To fully understand your protections and responsibilities as a tenant, see Tenant Rights in Ontario and the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 for official regulations.^[1]

Curious about your rental options? Browse apartments for rent in Canada and find the perfect place for your needs.

FAQ: Tenants and LTB Dispute Resolution

1. What is the main difference between mediation and adjudication at the LTB?
   Mediation is a voluntary process where parties try to reach an agreement with the help of an LTB mediator. Adjudication is a judicial process where an LTB Member makes a legally binding decision.
2. Can I refuse mediation and go directly to a hearing?
   Yes. Mediation is voluntary. You can choose to go straight to a hearing for adjudication if you prefer or if mediation isn’t successful.
3. Do I need a lawyer or paralegal for LTB mediation or adjudication?
   No, you do not need legal representation, but you can choose to have one. Both processes are designed to be accessible to the public.
4. What happens if an agreement is reached during mediation?
   The agreement is written down and becomes legally binding. If either party breaks the agreement, the LTB can enforce it.
5. Where do I find official LTB forms?
   All current forms are available on the LTB official forms page.

Conclusion: Key Takeaways

• Mediation offers a collaborative and quicker way to resolve disputes.
• Adjudication is necessary for formal, enforceable decisions if mediation fails or isn’t appropriate.
• Use the correct LTB forms and attend all hearings to ensure your rights are protected.

Summary: Whether you choose mediation or adjudication, the LTB process in Ontario aims to help tenants and landlords resolve disputes fairly and efficiently.

Need Help? Resources for Tenants

• Landlord and Tenant Board (LTB), Ontario: Information, forms, and contact details
• Residential Tenancies Act, 2006: Full provincial legislation
• Community Legal Education Ontario (CLEO): Free tenant legal information
• Housing Help Centres: Local tenant support and advocacy
• Read more: Tenant Rights in Ontario

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1. Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 (Ontario Laws)

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